Fracture Surface Morphology of Nano Toughened Thermoplastic Composites

Abstract

Thermoplastic composites, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polylactic acid 
(PLA), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 
(PC/ABS) blends, are increasingly utilized in high-performance applications due to their 
recyclability, processability, and mechanical properties. Nano-toughening with fillers like carbon 
nanotubes (CNTs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), silica nanoparticles, and cellulose nanofibers 
enhances fracture toughness by altering crack propagation mechanisms. This review synthesizes 
recent advancements in fracture surface morphology of nano-toughened thermoplastic composites, 
focusing on features observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), such as river lines, 
hackles, fiber pull-out, matrix deformation, and void formation. Key findings indicate that well
dispersed nanoparticles promote ductile fracture surfaces with increased roughness and energy 
dissipation, while agglomeration leads to brittle features and reduced toughness.