Interfacial Debonding and Failure Mechanisms in Nano Engineered Hybrid Composites

Abstract

 Nano engineered hybrid composites, incorporating nanomaterials such as carbon 
nanotubes, silica nanoparticles, and hydroxyapatite, have revolutionized structural materials by 
enhancing mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion. However, interfacial debonding 
remains a critical failure mechanism, leading to delamination, matrix cracking, and reduced load
bearing capacity. This review paper synthesizes recent advancements in understanding and 
mitigating interfacial debonding in hybrid composites, focusing on carbon fiber-reinforced 
polymers (CFRPs), glass fiber/epoxy systems, and polymer nanocomposites. Key mechanisms 
include fiber pull-out, crack bridging, and energy dissipation through nanofiller-matrix 
interactions. Experimental and numerical studies, such as extended finite element method (XFEM) 
and cohesive zone modeling, reveal that functionalization and optimal nanofiller loading can 
improve interfacial shear strength by up to 25% and fracture toughness by 30-40%. Challenges 
like agglomeration and poor dispersion are addressed through techniques like ultrasonication and 
silane treatment. The paper discusses applications in aerospace, automotive, and marine sectors, 
emphasizing the need for multiscale modeling to predict failure under dynamic loads.